A two-year follow-up study of salivary cortisol concentration and the risk of depression
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A two-year follow-up study of salivary cortisol concentration and the risk of depression. / Grynderup, Matias Brødsgaard; Kolstad, Henrik Albert; Mikkelsen, Sigurd; Andersen, Johan Hviid; Bonde, Jens Peter; Buttenschøn, Henriette Nørmølle; Kærgaard, Anette; Kærlev, Linda; Rugulies, Reiner; Thomsen, Jane Frølund; Vammen, Marianne Agergaard; Mors, Ole; Hansen, Åse Marie.
In: Psychoneuroendocrinology, Vol. 38, No. 10, 15.04.2013, p. 2042-2050.Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - A two-year follow-up study of salivary cortisol concentration and the risk of depression
AU - Grynderup, Matias Brødsgaard
AU - Kolstad, Henrik Albert
AU - Mikkelsen, Sigurd
AU - Andersen, Johan Hviid
AU - Bonde, Jens Peter
AU - Buttenschøn, Henriette Nørmølle
AU - Kærgaard, Anette
AU - Kærlev, Linda
AU - Rugulies, Reiner
AU - Thomsen, Jane Frølund
AU - Vammen, Marianne Agergaard
AU - Mors, Ole
AU - Hansen, Åse Marie
N1 - Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
PY - 2013/4/15
Y1 - 2013/4/15
N2 - Stress is a suspected cause of depression. High cortisol concentration, a biomarker of an activated stress response, has been found in depressed patients. The aim of this study was to determine if a high level of salivary cortisol is a risk factor of depression. In 2007, we enrolled 4467 public employees. Morning and evening salivary cortisol concentration were measured for each participant. Participants reporting high levels of depressive, burnout, or stress symptoms, assessed by questionnaires were assigned to a psychiatric interview. In this interview 98 participants were diagnosed with depression and subsequently excluded. Two years later in 2009, 2920 participants who had provided at least one valid saliva cortisol measurement at baseline participated at follow up. The psychiatric interviews were repeated and 62 cases of newly onset depression were diagnosed. Odds ratios of depression were estimated for every 1.0nmol/l increase in morning, evening, and daily mean cortisol concentration, as well as for the difference between morning and evening cortisol concentration. The risk of depression decreased by increasing daily mean cortisol concentration and by increasing difference between morning and evening concentrations, while morning and evening cortisol concentrations were not significantly associated with depression. The adjusted odds ratios for 1.0nmol/l increase in morning, evening, and daily mean cortisol concentration were 0.69 (95% CI: 0.45, 1.05), 0.87 (95% CI: 0.59, 1.28), and 0.53 (95% CI: 0.32, 0.90), respectively. The adjusted odds ratio for 1.0nmol/l increase in difference between morning and evening concentration were 0.64 (95% CI: 0.45, 0.90). This study did not support the hypothesis that high salivary cortisol concentration is a risk factor of depression, but indicate that low mean salivary cortisol concentration and a small difference between morning and evening cortisol concentration may be risk factors of depression.
AB - Stress is a suspected cause of depression. High cortisol concentration, a biomarker of an activated stress response, has been found in depressed patients. The aim of this study was to determine if a high level of salivary cortisol is a risk factor of depression. In 2007, we enrolled 4467 public employees. Morning and evening salivary cortisol concentration were measured for each participant. Participants reporting high levels of depressive, burnout, or stress symptoms, assessed by questionnaires were assigned to a psychiatric interview. In this interview 98 participants were diagnosed with depression and subsequently excluded. Two years later in 2009, 2920 participants who had provided at least one valid saliva cortisol measurement at baseline participated at follow up. The psychiatric interviews were repeated and 62 cases of newly onset depression were diagnosed. Odds ratios of depression were estimated for every 1.0nmol/l increase in morning, evening, and daily mean cortisol concentration, as well as for the difference between morning and evening cortisol concentration. The risk of depression decreased by increasing daily mean cortisol concentration and by increasing difference between morning and evening concentrations, while morning and evening cortisol concentrations were not significantly associated with depression. The adjusted odds ratios for 1.0nmol/l increase in morning, evening, and daily mean cortisol concentration were 0.69 (95% CI: 0.45, 1.05), 0.87 (95% CI: 0.59, 1.28), and 0.53 (95% CI: 0.32, 0.90), respectively. The adjusted odds ratio for 1.0nmol/l increase in difference between morning and evening concentration were 0.64 (95% CI: 0.45, 0.90). This study did not support the hypothesis that high salivary cortisol concentration is a risk factor of depression, but indicate that low mean salivary cortisol concentration and a small difference between morning and evening cortisol concentration may be risk factors of depression.
U2 - 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.03.013
DO - 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.03.013
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 23597874
VL - 38
SP - 2042
EP - 2050
JO - Psychoneuroendocrinology
JF - Psychoneuroendocrinology
SN - 0306-4530
IS - 10
ER -
ID: 48863590