Cryptorchidism and hypospadias as a sign of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS): environmental connection
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Cryptorchidism and hypospadias as a sign of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS): environmental connection. / Toppari, Jorma; Virtanen, Helena E; Main, Katharina M; Skakkebaek, Niels E.
In: Birth Defects Research. Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology, Vol. 88, No. 10, 01.10.2010, p. 910-9.Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Cryptorchidism and hypospadias as a sign of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS): environmental connection
AU - Toppari, Jorma
AU - Virtanen, Helena E
AU - Main, Katharina M
AU - Skakkebaek, Niels E
N1 - © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PY - 2010/10/1
Y1 - 2010/10/1
N2 - Cryptorchidism and hypospadias are common genital birth defects that affect 2-9% and 0.2-1% of male newborns, respectively. The incidence of both defects shows large geographic variation, and in several countries increasing trends have been reported. The conditions share many risk factors, and they are also interlinked to the risk of testis cancer and poor semen quality. Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome (TDS) may underlie many cases of all these male reproductive health problems. Genetic defects in androgen production or action can cause both cryptorchidism and hypospadias, but these are not common. A monogenic reason for cryptorchidism or hypospadias has been identified only in a small proportion of all cases. Environmental effects appear to play a major role in TDS. Exposure to several persistent chemicals has been found to be associated with the risk of cryptorchidism, and exposure to anti-androgenic phthalates has been shown to be associated with hormonal changes predisposing to male reproductive problems. Despite progress in identification of endocrine-disrupting substances, we are still far from knowing all the risk factors for these birth defects, and advice for prevention must be based on precautionary principles.
AB - Cryptorchidism and hypospadias are common genital birth defects that affect 2-9% and 0.2-1% of male newborns, respectively. The incidence of both defects shows large geographic variation, and in several countries increasing trends have been reported. The conditions share many risk factors, and they are also interlinked to the risk of testis cancer and poor semen quality. Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome (TDS) may underlie many cases of all these male reproductive health problems. Genetic defects in androgen production or action can cause both cryptorchidism and hypospadias, but these are not common. A monogenic reason for cryptorchidism or hypospadias has been identified only in a small proportion of all cases. Environmental effects appear to play a major role in TDS. Exposure to several persistent chemicals has been found to be associated with the risk of cryptorchidism, and exposure to anti-androgenic phthalates has been shown to be associated with hormonal changes predisposing to male reproductive problems. Despite progress in identification of endocrine-disrupting substances, we are still far from knowing all the risk factors for these birth defects, and advice for prevention must be based on precautionary principles.
U2 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdra.20707
DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdra.20707
M3 - Journal article
VL - 88
SP - 910
EP - 919
JO - Birth Defects Research Part B - Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology
JF - Birth Defects Research Part B - Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology
SN - 1542-0752
IS - 10
ER -
ID: 34138478