TY - JOUR

T1 - Urinary BPA measurements in children and mothers from six European member states

T2 - Overall results and determinants of exposure

AU - Covaci, Adrian

AU - Hond, Elly Den

AU - Geens, Tinne

AU - Govarts, Eva

AU - Koppen, Gudrun

AU - Frederiksen, Hanne Winther

AU - Knudsen, Lisbeth E.

AU - Mørck, Thit A

AU - Gutleb, Arno C

AU - Guignard, Cedric

AU - Cocco, Emanuelle

AU - Horvat, Milena

AU - Heath, Ester

AU - Kosjek, Tina

AU - Mazej, Darja

AU - Tratnik, Janja Snoj

AU - Castaño, Argelia

AU - Esteban, Marta

AU - Cutanda, Francisco

AU - Ramos, Juan José

AU - Berglund, Marika

AU - Larsson, Kristin

AU - Jönsson, Bo A G

AU - Biot, Pierre

AU - Casteleyn, Ludwine

AU - Joas, Reinhard

AU - Joas, Anke

AU - Bloemen, Louis

AU - Sepai, Ovnair

AU - Exley, Karen

AU - Schoeters, Greet

AU - Angerer, Jürgen

AU - Kolossa-Gehring, Marike

AU - Fiddicke, Ulrike

AU - Aerts, Dominique

AU - Koch, Holger M

N1 - Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

PY - 2015/8

Y1 - 2015/8

N2 - For the first time in Europe, both European-wide and country-specific levels of urinary Bisphenol A (BPA) were obtained through a harmonized protocol for participant recruitment, sampling and quality controlled biomarker analysis in the frame of the twin projects COPHES and DEMOCOPHES. 674 child-mother pairs were recruited through schools or population registers from six European member states (Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden). Children (5-12y) and mothers donated a urine sample. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, life style, dietary habits, and educational level of the parents was provided by mothers. After exclusion of urine samples with creatinine values below 300mg/L or above 3000mg/L, 653 children and 639 mothers remained for which BPA was measured. The geometric mean (with 95% confidence intervals) and 90th percentile were calculated for BPA separately in children and in mothers and were named "European reference values". After adjustment for confounders (age and creatinine), average exposure values in each country were compared with the mean of the "European reference values" by means of a weighted analysis of variance. Overall geometric means of all countries (95% CI) adjusted for urinary creatinine, age and gender were 2.04 (1.87-2.24) µg/L and 1.88 (1.71-2.07) µg/L for children (n=653) and mothers (n=639), respectively. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify significant environmental, geographical, personal or life style related determinants. Consumption of canned food and social class (represented by the highest educational level of the family) were the most important predictors for the urinary levels of BPA in mothers and children. The individual BPA levels in children were significantly correlated with the levels in their mothers (r=0.265, p<0.001), which may suggest a possible common environmental/dietary factor that influences the biomarker level in each pair. Exposure of the general European population was well below the current health-based guidance values and no participant had BPA values higher than the health-based guidance values.

AB - For the first time in Europe, both European-wide and country-specific levels of urinary Bisphenol A (BPA) were obtained through a harmonized protocol for participant recruitment, sampling and quality controlled biomarker analysis in the frame of the twin projects COPHES and DEMOCOPHES. 674 child-mother pairs were recruited through schools or population registers from six European member states (Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden). Children (5-12y) and mothers donated a urine sample. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, life style, dietary habits, and educational level of the parents was provided by mothers. After exclusion of urine samples with creatinine values below 300mg/L or above 3000mg/L, 653 children and 639 mothers remained for which BPA was measured. The geometric mean (with 95% confidence intervals) and 90th percentile were calculated for BPA separately in children and in mothers and were named "European reference values". After adjustment for confounders (age and creatinine), average exposure values in each country were compared with the mean of the "European reference values" by means of a weighted analysis of variance. Overall geometric means of all countries (95% CI) adjusted for urinary creatinine, age and gender were 2.04 (1.87-2.24) µg/L and 1.88 (1.71-2.07) µg/L for children (n=653) and mothers (n=639), respectively. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify significant environmental, geographical, personal or life style related determinants. Consumption of canned food and social class (represented by the highest educational level of the family) were the most important predictors for the urinary levels of BPA in mothers and children. The individual BPA levels in children were significantly correlated with the levels in their mothers (r=0.265, p<0.001), which may suggest a possible common environmental/dietary factor that influences the biomarker level in each pair. Exposure of the general European population was well below the current health-based guidance values and no participant had BPA values higher than the health-based guidance values.

U2 - 10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.008

DO - 10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.008

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 25440295

VL - 141

SP - 77

EP - 85

JO - Environmental Research

JF - Environmental Research

SN - 0013-9351

ER -