TY - JOUR

T1 - Nighttime Smartphone Use, Sleep Quality, and Mental Health

T2 - Investigating a Complex Relationship

AU - Andersen, Thea Otte

AU - Sejling, Christoffer

AU - Jensen, Andreas Kryger

AU - Drews, Henning Johannes

AU - Ritz, Beate

AU - Varga, Tibor V

AU - Rod, Naja Hulvej

N1 - © The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Sleep Research Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

PY - 2023

Y1 - 2023

N2 - STUDY OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the complex relationship between nighttime smartphone use, sleep, and mental health among adult populations in Denmark.METHODS: Data from three interconnected samples (aged 16-89 years) from the SmartSleep Study included 5,798 individuals with survey and register data; 4,239 individuals also provided high-resolution smartphone tracking data. Logistic regression models and causal discovery algorithms, which suggest possible causal pathways consistent with the underlying data structure, were used to infer the relationship between self-reported and tracked nighttime smartphone use, self-reported sleep quality, mental health indicators, and register-based psychotropic medication use.RESULTS: Frequent self-reported nighttime smartphone use was associated with high perceived stress (OR: 2.24, 95% CI: 1.42;3.55) and severe depressive symptoms (OR: 2.96, 95% CI: 2.04;4.28). We found no clear associations between tracked nighttime smartphone use and mental health outcomes, except for the cluster that used their smartphones repeatedly during the sleep period, which was associated with severe depressive symptoms (OR=1.69, 95% CI: 1.24;2.31). Poor sleep quality (vs. good sleep quality) was associated with high perceived stress (OR=5.07, 95% CI: 3.72;6.90), severe depressive symptoms (OR=9.67, 95% CI: 7.09;13.19), and psychotropic medication use (OR=2.13, 95% CI: 1.36;3.35). The causal discovery models suggest that nighttime smartphone use affects mental health through both problematic smartphone use and poor sleep quality.CONCLUSION: The complex relationship between nighttime smartphone use, sleep, and poor mental health may create a vicious circle over time, and nighttime smartphone use may constitute a potential leverage point for public health interventions aimed at improving sleep and mental health.

AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the complex relationship between nighttime smartphone use, sleep, and mental health among adult populations in Denmark.METHODS: Data from three interconnected samples (aged 16-89 years) from the SmartSleep Study included 5,798 individuals with survey and register data; 4,239 individuals also provided high-resolution smartphone tracking data. Logistic regression models and causal discovery algorithms, which suggest possible causal pathways consistent with the underlying data structure, were used to infer the relationship between self-reported and tracked nighttime smartphone use, self-reported sleep quality, mental health indicators, and register-based psychotropic medication use.RESULTS: Frequent self-reported nighttime smartphone use was associated with high perceived stress (OR: 2.24, 95% CI: 1.42;3.55) and severe depressive symptoms (OR: 2.96, 95% CI: 2.04;4.28). We found no clear associations between tracked nighttime smartphone use and mental health outcomes, except for the cluster that used their smartphones repeatedly during the sleep period, which was associated with severe depressive symptoms (OR=1.69, 95% CI: 1.24;2.31). Poor sleep quality (vs. good sleep quality) was associated with high perceived stress (OR=5.07, 95% CI: 3.72;6.90), severe depressive symptoms (OR=9.67, 95% CI: 7.09;13.19), and psychotropic medication use (OR=2.13, 95% CI: 1.36;3.35). The causal discovery models suggest that nighttime smartphone use affects mental health through both problematic smartphone use and poor sleep quality.CONCLUSION: The complex relationship between nighttime smartphone use, sleep, and poor mental health may create a vicious circle over time, and nighttime smartphone use may constitute a potential leverage point for public health interventions aimed at improving sleep and mental health.

U2 - 10.1093/sleep/zsad256

DO - 10.1093/sleep/zsad256

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 37758231

VL - 46

JO - Sleep (Online)

JF - Sleep (Online)

SN - 0161-8105

IS - 12

M1 - zsad256

ER -