TY - JOUR

T1 - Mortality in substance-induced psychosis

T2 - a register-based national cohort study

AU - Hjorthoj, Carsten

AU - Madsen, Trine

AU - Starzer, Marie

AU - Erlangsen, Annette

AU - Nordentoft, Merete

PY - 2021

Y1 - 2021

N2 - Aims We aimed to analyze whether people with substance-induced psychosis (SIP), both those who convert and do not convert to schizophrenia, have higher all-cause and cause-specific mortality when compared to the general population. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Nationwide Danish registers. Participants/Cases We included all people born in Denmark, living in Denmark on their 15th birthday, and age 15 or more during the study period from January 1, 1994, and August 10, 2017. Measurements Exposure was categorized as: (i) neither SIP nor schizophrenia; (ii) SIP without preceding schizophrenia; (iii) SIP converted to schizophrenia; and (iv) schizophrenia without preceding SIP. Any SIP and substance-specific SIPS were examined regarding all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Findings The study included a total of 5 619 691 individuals. Compared to people with neither schizophrenia nor SIP, people with SIP without preceding schizophrenia had an increased risk of dying (hazard ratio [HR] = 6.23, 95% CI = 5.96-6.50), as had those with SIP converting to schizophrenia (HR = 9.77, 95% CI = 8.84-10.79) and those with only schizophrenia (HR = 3.07, 95% CI = 3.03-3.13). A similar pattern, albeit with higher HRs, was observed for suicides and accidental deaths. Other cause-specific-mortality groups also generally showed the same pattern, as did types of individual substances. Conclusions Substance-induced psychosis was strongly associated with an increased risk of both all-cause and cause-specific mortality, even among cases who did not convert to schizophrenia. This provides a strong rationale for monitoring people with previous diagnosis of substance-induced psychosis and developing and implementing interventions to reduce this excess mortality.

AB - Aims We aimed to analyze whether people with substance-induced psychosis (SIP), both those who convert and do not convert to schizophrenia, have higher all-cause and cause-specific mortality when compared to the general population. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Nationwide Danish registers. Participants/Cases We included all people born in Denmark, living in Denmark on their 15th birthday, and age 15 or more during the study period from January 1, 1994, and August 10, 2017. Measurements Exposure was categorized as: (i) neither SIP nor schizophrenia; (ii) SIP without preceding schizophrenia; (iii) SIP converted to schizophrenia; and (iv) schizophrenia without preceding SIP. Any SIP and substance-specific SIPS were examined regarding all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Findings The study included a total of 5 619 691 individuals. Compared to people with neither schizophrenia nor SIP, people with SIP without preceding schizophrenia had an increased risk of dying (hazard ratio [HR] = 6.23, 95% CI = 5.96-6.50), as had those with SIP converting to schizophrenia (HR = 9.77, 95% CI = 8.84-10.79) and those with only schizophrenia (HR = 3.07, 95% CI = 3.03-3.13). A similar pattern, albeit with higher HRs, was observed for suicides and accidental deaths. Other cause-specific-mortality groups also generally showed the same pattern, as did types of individual substances. Conclusions Substance-induced psychosis was strongly associated with an increased risk of both all-cause and cause-specific mortality, even among cases who did not convert to schizophrenia. This provides a strong rationale for monitoring people with previous diagnosis of substance-induced psychosis and developing and implementing interventions to reduce this excess mortality.

KW - Alcohol use disorder

KW - alcoholism

KW - death

KW - mortality

KW - schizophrenia

KW - substance use disorder

KW - substance-induced psychosis

KW - suicide

KW - BIPOLAR DISORDER

KW - EXCESS MORTALITY

KW - MENTAL-DISORDERS

KW - LIFE EXPECTANCY

KW - SCHIZOPHRENIA

KW - CANCER

KW - RISK

KW - EPIDEMIOLOGY

KW - METAANALYSIS

KW - ALCOHOL

U2 - 10.1111/add.15598

DO - 10.1111/add.15598

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 34105214

VL - 116

SP - 3515

EP - 3524

JO - Addiction

JF - Addiction

SN - 0965-2140

IS - 12

ER -