TY - JOUR

T1 - Natural Cause Mortality and Long-Term Exposure to Particle Components

T2 - An Analysis of 19 European Cohorts within the Multi-Center ESCAPE Project

AU - Beelen, Rob

AU - Hoek, Gerard

AU - Raaschou-Nielsen, Ole

AU - Stafoggia, Massimo

AU - Andersen, Zorana Jovanovic

AU - Weinmayr, Gudrun

AU - Hoffmann, Barbara

AU - Wolf, Kathrin

AU - Samoli, Evangelia

AU - Fischer, Paul H

AU - Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J

AU - Xun, Wei W

AU - Katsouyanni, Klea

AU - Dimakopoulou, Konstantina

AU - Marcon, Alessandro

AU - Vartiainen, Erkki

AU - Lanki, Timo

AU - Yli-Tuomi, Tarja

AU - Oftedal, Bente

AU - Schwarze, Per E

AU - Nafstad, Per

AU - De Faire, Ulf

AU - Pedersen, Nancy L

AU - Östenson, Claes-Göran

AU - Fratiglioni, Laura

AU - Penell, Johanna

AU - Korek, Michal

AU - Pershagen, Göran

AU - Eriksen, Kirsten T

AU - Overvad, Kim

AU - Sørensen, Mette

AU - Eeftens, Marloes

AU - Peeters, Petra H

AU - Meliefste, Kees

AU - Wang, Meng

AU - Bueno-de-Mesquita, H Bas

AU - Sugiri, Dorothea

AU - Krämer, Ursula

AU - Heinrich, Joachim

AU - de Hoogh, Kees

AU - Key, Timothy

AU - Peters, Annette

AU - Hampel, Regina

AU - Concin, Hans

AU - Nagel, Gabriele

AU - Jaensch, Andrea

AU - Ineichen, Alex

AU - Tsai, Ming-Yi

AU - Schaffner, Emmanuel

AU - Probst-Hensch, Nicole M

AU - Schindler, Christian

AU - Ragettli, Martina S

AU - Vilier, Alice

AU - Clavel-Chapelon, Françoise

AU - Declercq, Christophe

AU - Ricceri, Fulvio

AU - Sacerdote, Carlotta

AU - Galassi, Claudia

AU - Migliore, Enrica

AU - Ranzi, Andrea

AU - Cesaroni, Giulia

AU - Badaloni, Chiara

AU - Forastiere, Francesco

AU - Katsoulis, Michail

AU - Trichopoulou, Antonia

AU - Keuken, Menno

AU - Jedynska, Aleksandra

AU - Kooter, Ingeborg M

AU - Kukkonen, Jaakko

AU - Sokhi, Ranjeet S

AU - Vineis, Paolo

AU - Brunekreef, Bert

PY - 2015/6

Y1 - 2015/6

N2 - BACKGROUND: Studies have shown associations between mortality and long-term exposure to particulate matter air pollution. Few cohort studies have estimated the effects of the elemental composition of particulate matter on mortality.OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to study the association between natural cause mortality and long-term exposure to elemental components of particulate matter.METHODS: Mortality and confounder data from 19 European cohort studies were used. Residential exposure to eight a priori selected components of particulate matter (PM) was characterized following a strictly standardized protocol. Annual average concentrations of Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Potassium (K), Nickel (Ni), Sulfur (S), Silicon (Si), Vanadium (V) and Zinc (Zn) within PM size fractions <2.5 µm (PM2.5) and <10 µm (PM10) were estimated using land-use regression models. Cohort-specific statistical analyses of the associations between mortality and air pollution were conducted using Cox proportional hazards models using a common protocol followed by meta-analysis.RESULTS: The total study population consisted of 291,816 participants, of which 25,466 died from a natural cause during follow-up (average time of follow-up 14.3 years). Hazard ratios were positive for almost all elements and statistically significant for PM2.5 sulfur (1.14; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.23 per 200 ng/m3). In a two-pollutant model, the association with PM2.5 sulfur was robust to adjustment for PM2.5 mass, whereas the association with PM2.5 mass was reduced.CONCLUSIONS: Long-term exposure to PM2.5 sulfur was associated with natural cause mortality. This association was robust to adjustment for other pollutants and PM2.5.

AB - BACKGROUND: Studies have shown associations between mortality and long-term exposure to particulate matter air pollution. Few cohort studies have estimated the effects of the elemental composition of particulate matter on mortality.OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to study the association between natural cause mortality and long-term exposure to elemental components of particulate matter.METHODS: Mortality and confounder data from 19 European cohort studies were used. Residential exposure to eight a priori selected components of particulate matter (PM) was characterized following a strictly standardized protocol. Annual average concentrations of Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Potassium (K), Nickel (Ni), Sulfur (S), Silicon (Si), Vanadium (V) and Zinc (Zn) within PM size fractions <2.5 µm (PM2.5) and <10 µm (PM10) were estimated using land-use regression models. Cohort-specific statistical analyses of the associations between mortality and air pollution were conducted using Cox proportional hazards models using a common protocol followed by meta-analysis.RESULTS: The total study population consisted of 291,816 participants, of which 25,466 died from a natural cause during follow-up (average time of follow-up 14.3 years). Hazard ratios were positive for almost all elements and statistically significant for PM2.5 sulfur (1.14; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.23 per 200 ng/m3). In a two-pollutant model, the association with PM2.5 sulfur was robust to adjustment for PM2.5 mass, whereas the association with PM2.5 mass was reduced.CONCLUSIONS: Long-term exposure to PM2.5 sulfur was associated with natural cause mortality. This association was robust to adjustment for other pollutants and PM2.5.

U2 - 10.1289/ehp.1408095

DO - 10.1289/ehp.1408095

M3 - Review

C2 - 25712504

VL - 123

SP - 525

EP - 533

JO - Environmental Health Perspectives

JF - Environmental Health Perspectives

SN - 0091-6765

IS - 6

ER -