Evidence for protein leverage in a general population sample of children and adolescents
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Evidence for protein leverage in a general population sample of children and adolescents. / Saner, Christoph; Senior, Alistair M.; Zhang, Hanyue; Eloranta, Aino Maija; Magnussen, Costan G.; Sabin, Matthew A.; Juonala, Markus; Janner, Marco; Burgner, David P.; Schwab, Ursula; Haapala, Eero A.; Heitmann, Berit L.; Simpson, Stephen J.; Raubenheimer, David; Lakka, Timo A.
In: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 77, 2023, p. 652–659.Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Evidence for protein leverage in a general population sample of children and adolescents
AU - Saner, Christoph
AU - Senior, Alistair M.
AU - Zhang, Hanyue
AU - Eloranta, Aino Maija
AU - Magnussen, Costan G.
AU - Sabin, Matthew A.
AU - Juonala, Markus
AU - Janner, Marco
AU - Burgner, David P.
AU - Schwab, Ursula
AU - Haapala, Eero A.
AU - Heitmann, Berit L.
AU - Simpson, Stephen J.
AU - Raubenheimer, David
AU - Lakka, Timo A.
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2023, The Author(s).
PY - 2023
Y1 - 2023
N2 - Background/Objectives: The strong regulation of protein intake can lead to overconsumption of total energy on diets with a low proportion of energy from protein, a process referred to as protein leverage. The protein leverage hypothesis posits that protein leverage explains variation in energy intake and potentially obesity in ecological settings. Here, we tested for protein leverage and the protein leverage hypothesis in children and adolescents. Subjects/Methods: A population sample of children, mean (SD) age 7.6 (0.4) years (n = 422), followed up at age 9.8 (0.4) years (n = 387) and at age 15.8 (0.4) years (n = 229), participating for the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (PANIC) study. Exposures: 4-day food records-related proportional energy intake of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Outcomes: energy intake, body mass index (BMI) z-score and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-related energy expenditure. Results: Proportional energy intake of proteins was inversely associated with energy intake following power functions at all 3 ages (mean [95%CI] strength of leverage of L = −0.36 [−0.47 to −0.25]; L = −0.26 [−0.37 to −0.15]; L = −0.25 [−0.38 to −0.13]; all P < 0.001). Mixture analysis indicated that variance in energy intake was associated primarily with the proportional intake of energy from proteins, not with either fats or carbohydrates. At all 3 ages, energy intake was not associated with BMI z-score but positively associated with energy expenditure (all P < 0.001). Conclusions: This study provides evidence consistent with protein leverage in a population sample of children and adolescents. Increased energy intake on diets with lower protein content was counterbalanced by increased energy expenditure and therefore did not translate into increased adiposity.
AB - Background/Objectives: The strong regulation of protein intake can lead to overconsumption of total energy on diets with a low proportion of energy from protein, a process referred to as protein leverage. The protein leverage hypothesis posits that protein leverage explains variation in energy intake and potentially obesity in ecological settings. Here, we tested for protein leverage and the protein leverage hypothesis in children and adolescents. Subjects/Methods: A population sample of children, mean (SD) age 7.6 (0.4) years (n = 422), followed up at age 9.8 (0.4) years (n = 387) and at age 15.8 (0.4) years (n = 229), participating for the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (PANIC) study. Exposures: 4-day food records-related proportional energy intake of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Outcomes: energy intake, body mass index (BMI) z-score and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-related energy expenditure. Results: Proportional energy intake of proteins was inversely associated with energy intake following power functions at all 3 ages (mean [95%CI] strength of leverage of L = −0.36 [−0.47 to −0.25]; L = −0.26 [−0.37 to −0.15]; L = −0.25 [−0.38 to −0.13]; all P < 0.001). Mixture analysis indicated that variance in energy intake was associated primarily with the proportional intake of energy from proteins, not with either fats or carbohydrates. At all 3 ages, energy intake was not associated with BMI z-score but positively associated with energy expenditure (all P < 0.001). Conclusions: This study provides evidence consistent with protein leverage in a population sample of children and adolescents. Increased energy intake on diets with lower protein content was counterbalanced by increased energy expenditure and therefore did not translate into increased adiposity.
U2 - 10.1038/s41430-023-01276-w
DO - 10.1038/s41430-023-01276-w
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 36797489
AN - SCOPUS:85148244064
VL - 77
SP - 652
EP - 659
JO - European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
JF - European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
SN - 0954-3007
ER -
ID: 338935400